Listaan dagiti pamilia ti pagsasao

Ainu pagsasao or pagsasao (Russia, Japan) (like Arabic or Japanese, the diversity within Ainu is large enough that some consider it to be perhaps up to a dozen pagsasao while others consider it a single pagsasao with high dialectal diversity)
Burushaski (Pakistan, India) (sometimes linked to Yeniseian)
Kalto or Nahali (India) (sometimes linked to Munda)
Korean (North & South Korea, China, USA) (sometimes linked to Altaic)
Nivkh or Gilyak (Russia) (sometimes linked to Chukchi-Kamchatkan)
Sumerian (Iraq) [awanen]
Elamite (Iran) [awanen] (sometimes linked to Dravidian)
Hattic (Turkey) [awanen] (sometimes linked to Northwest Caucasian)

Aprika

Hadza (Tanzania)
Sandawe (Tanzania)
Juu (Angola, Botswana, Namibia)
?Qhôã (Botswana) (may be related to Juu)

(all sometimes included under Khoisan)

Europa

Basko (Espania, Pransia) (related to naungaw nga Akuitanio)
Etrusko (Italia) [naungaw; paset ti nasakian a bassit a pamilia a Tyrrheniano]

Di-naidasig a pagsasao

Pagsasao are considered unclassified either because, for one reason or another, little effort has been made to compare them with other pagsasao, or, more commonly, because they are too poorly documented to permit reliable classification. Most such pagsasao are extinct and most likely will never be known well enough to classify.

Europa

Iberian (Espania) [awanen]
Tartessian (Espania, Portugal) [awanen]

Aprika

Shabo
Meroitic [awanen]

Asia

Quti [awanen]
Kaskian [awanen]
Cimmerian [awanen]

Australia

Tasmanian pagsasao [awanen]

South America

Baenan (Brasil) [awanen]
Culle (Peru) [awanen]
Cunza (Chile, Bolivia, Argentina) [awanen]
Gamela (Brasil: Maranhão) [awanen]
Gorgotoqui (Bolivia) [awanen]
Huamoé (Brasil: Pernambuco) [awanen]
Kukurá (Brasil: Mato Grosso) [awanen]
Natú (Brasil: Pernambuco) [awanen]
Tarairiú (Brasil: Rio Grande do Norte)
Tuxá (Brasil: Bahia, Pernambuco) [awanen]
Xokó (Brasil: Alagoas, Pernambuco) [awanen]
Xukurú (Brasil: Pernambuco, Paraíba) [awanen]
Yurumanguí (Colombia) [awanen]

North America

Adai (US: Louisiana, Texas) [awanen]
Alagüilac (Guatemala)
Aranama-Tamique (US: Texas) [awanen]
Atakapa (US: Louisiana, Texas) [awanen]
Beothuk (Canada: Newfoundland) [awanen]
Calusa (US: Florida) [awanen]
Cayuse (US: Oregon, Washington) [awanen]
Cotoname (northeast Mexico; US: Texas) [awanen]
Maratino (northeastern Mexico) [awanen]
Naolan (Mexico: Tamaulipas) [awanen]
Quinigua (northeast Mexico) [awanen]
Solano (northeast Mexico; US: Texas) [awanen]

Pagsasao iti ima

See also List of sign pagsasao.

Although deaf sign pagsasaos have emerged naturally in deaf communities alongside or among spoken pagsasao, they are unrelated to spoken pagsasao and have different grammatical structures at their core. A group of sign "pagsasao" known as manually coded pagsasaos are more properly understood as signed modes of spoken pagsasao, and therefore belong to the pagsasao family of the spoken pagsasao. One example of such a signed pagsasao is Warlpiri Sign Pagsasao, which belongs to the family of Ngarrkic pagsasao.

There has been very little historical linguistic research on sign pagsasao, and few attempts to determine genetic relationships between sign pagsasao, other than simple comparison of lexical data and some discussion about whether certain sign pagsasao are dialects of a pagsasao or pagsasao of a family. Pagsasao may be spread through migration, through the establishment of deaf schools (often by foreign-trained educators), or due to political domination.

Pagsasao contact is common, making clear family classifications difficult ? it is often unclear whether lexical similarity is due to borrowing or a common parent pagsasao. Contact occurs between sign pagsasao, between signed and spoken pagsasao (Contact Sign), and between sign pagsasao and gestural systems used by the broader community. One author has speculated that Adamorobe Sign Pagsasao may be related to the "gestural trade jargon used in the markets throughout West Africa", in vocabulary and areal features including prosody and phonetics.

Auslan, NZSL and BSL are usually considered to belong to a pagsasao family known as BANZSL.

Japanese Sign Pagsasao, Taiwanese Sign Pagsasao and Korean Sign Pagsasao are thought to be members of a Japanese Sign Pagsasao family.

There are a number of sign pagsasao that emerged from French Sign Pagsasao (LSF), or were the result of pagsasao contact between local community sign pagsasao and LSF. These include: French Sign Pagsasao, Quebec Sign Pagsasao, American Sign Pagsasao, Irish Sign Pagsasao, Russian Sign Pagsasao, Dutch Sign Pagsasao, Flemish Sign Pagsasao, Belgian-French Sign Pagsasao, Spanish Sign Pagsasao, Mexican Sign Pagsasao and others.

A subset of this group includes pagsasao that have been heavily influenced by American Sign Pagsasao (ASL), or are regional varieties of ASL. Bolivian Sign Pagsasao is sometimes considered a dialect of ASL. Thai Sign Pagsasao is a mixed pagsasao derived from ASL and the native sign pagsasao of Bangkok and Chiang Mai, and may be considered part of the ASL family. Others possibly influenced by ASL include Ugandan Sign Pagsasao, Kenyan Sign Pagsasao, Philippine Sign Pagsasao and Malaysian Sign Pagsasao.

Anecdotal evidence suggests that Finnish Sign Pagsasao, Swedish Sign Pagsasao and Norwegian Sign Pagsasao belong to a Scandanavian Sign Pagsasao family.

According to a SIL report, sign pagsasao of Russia, Moldova and Ukraine share a high degree of lexical similarity and may be dialects of one pagsasao, or distinct related pagsasao. The same report suggested a "cluster" of sign pagsasao centered around Czech Sign Pagsasao, Hungarian Sign Pagsasao and Slovakian Sign Pagsasao. This group may also include Romanian, Bulgarian, and Polish sign pagsasao.

Known isolates include Nicaraguan Sign Pagsasao, Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Pagsasao, and Providence Island Sign Pagsasao.

Sign pagsasao of Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, and Iraq (and possibly Saudi Arabia) may be part of a sprachbund, or may be one dialect of a larger Eastern Arabic Sign Pagsasao.

Kriolio a pagsasao, pidgin, nalaok a pagsasao, ken pagsasao a pannegosio

Dagiti silpo ti ruar

http://www.ethnologue.com/web.asp

Bibliograpia

Boas, Franz. (1911). Handbook of American Indian pagsasao (Vol. 1). Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 40. Washington: Government Print Office (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology).
Boas, Franz. (1922). Handbook of American Indian pagsasao (Vol. 2). Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 40. Washington: Government Print Office (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology).
Boas, Franz. (1933). Handbook of American Indian pagsasao (Vol. 3). Native American legal materials collection, title 1227. Glückstadt: J.J. Augustin.
Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian pagsasao: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
Campbell, Lyle; & Mithun, Marianne (Eds.). (1979). The pagsasao of native America: Historical and comparative assessment. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Pagsasao. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-1604-8774-9.
Goddard, Ives. (1999). Native pagsasao and pagsasao families of North America (rev. and enlarged ed. with additions and corrections). [Map]. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press (Smithsonian Institute). (Updated version of the map in Goddard 1996). ISBN 0-8032-9271-6.
Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). Ethnologue: Pagsasao of the world (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X. (Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com).
Greenberg, Joseph H. (1966). The Pagsasao of Africa (2nd ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University.
Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The pagsasao of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
Ross, Malcom. (2005). Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan pagsasao. In: Andrew Pawley, Robert Attenborough, Robin Hide and Jack Golson, eds, Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples [1]
Ruhlen, Merritt. (1987). A guide to the world's pagsasao. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978-present). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 1-20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1-3, 16, 18-20 not yet published).
Voegelin, C. F.; & Voegelin, F. M. (1977). Classification and index of the world's pagsasao. New York: Elsevier.