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{{Infobox Biografiasientista
|name subject_name = Theodor Mommsen
|image image_name = T-mommsen-2.jpg
|image_size image_caption =
|caption = Ni Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen
| date_of_birth = [[Noviembre 30]], [[1817]]
|birth_date = 30 Nobiembre 1817
| place_of_birth = [[Garding]], [[Alemania]]
|birth_place date_of_death= [[Noviembre 1Garding]], [[1903Schleswig]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1903|11|1|1817|11|30}}
| place_of_death = [[Berlin]], [[Alemania]]
|death_place = [[Charlottenburg]], [[Aleman nga Imerio]]
|residence =
|citizenship =
|nationality = Aleman
|ethnicity =
|field = [[Klasika|Klasikal nga eskola]], [[hurista]], [[historiador]]
|work_institutions = [[Unibersidad ti Leipzig]] <br> [[Unibersidad ti Zurich]] <br> [[Uninibersidad ti Breslau]] <br> [[Unibersidad ti Berlin]]
|alma_mater = [[Unibersidad ti Kiel]]
|doctoral_advisor =
|academic_advisors =
|doctoral_students =
|notable_students = [[Eduard Schwartz]]
|known_for =
|influences =
|influenced =
|prizes = [[Pour le Mérite]] (klase sibil) <br>{{awd|[[Premio Nobel iti Literatura]]|1902}}
|religion =
|footnotes =
}}
 
Ni '''Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen''' (30 Nobiembre 1817 &ndash; 1 Nobiembre 1903) ket maysa idi nga Aleman a [[Klasika|klasikal nga eskolar]], [[historiador]], [[hurista]], [[agiwarwarnak]], [[politiko]], [[arkeologo]]<ref>[http://www.nndb.com/people/618/000107297/ Theodor Mommsen]</ref> ken mannurat a naamammuan a kas maysa kadagiti kalatakan a [[klasista]] iti maika-19 a siglo. Ti obrana amaipanggep ti [[Romano a pakasaritaan]] ket agdama pay laeng a naipangruna a kammasapulan para iti kontemporaneo a panagsukisok. Isu ket nagungunaan ti [[Premio Nobel iti Literatura]] idi 1902,<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1902/index.html Dagiti nobel a laureado]</ref> ken idi pay ket maysa a prominente nga Aleman a politiko, a kas kameng ti parlamento ti Prusia ken Alemania. Dagiti obra iti [[Romano a linteg]] ken iti [[linteg kadagiti obligasion]] ket addaan idi ti nangruna a nagbanagan iti Aleman a [[kodigo sibil]] ([[Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch|BGB]]).
 
Ni '''Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen''' ([[30 Noviembre]] [[1817]]–[[1 Noviembre]], [[1903]]) ket maysa nga Aleman nga abogado, politico ken mannurat dagiti pakasaritaan idi siglo-19. Naawatna iti [[Premio Nobel iti Literatura]] idi 1902.
 
== Biag ==
Ni Mommsen ket naipasngay idiay [[Garding]] idiay [[Schleswig]] idi 1817, ken dimmakel idiay [[Bad Oldesloe]], nga idi idiay ti amana ket maysa a [[Luheranismo|Luterano]] a ministro. Kaaduan idi a nagadal idiay balayda, ngem napan met iti [[gymnasium (eskuela)|gymnasium]] ti [[Christianeum Hamburg|Christianeum]] idiay [[Altona, Hamburg|Altona]] kadagiti uppat a tawen. Isu ket nagadal iti [[Taga-ugma a Griego|Griego]] ken [[Pagsasao a Latin|Latin]] ken naawatna ti diplomana idi 1837. Gapu ta saanna a makabaelan nga agbayad nga agbasa idiay [[Göttingen]], isu ket napan nagbasa idiay [[Unibersidad ti Kiel]] in [[Holstein]].
Naipasngay ni Theodor Mommsen idiay [[Garding]], [[Schleswig]], idiay [[Alemania]], anak iti maysa nga ministro a Protestante. Maibilang isuna a maysa kadagiti kasikatan a mannurat iti pakasaritaan it makuna a classico a literatura. Nagbasa isuna para iti kinaabogado ken iti literatura manipud 1838-1843 idiay [[Kiel]]. Nagbalin isuna nga agiwarwarnak, profesor iti universidad, ken manipud iti dekada ti 1870, maysa nga parliamentario idiay daan nga pagilian ti [[Prussia]].
 
== Bibliograpia==
 
 
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Mommsen's many writings - a bibliography up to 1887 lists over 900 items - revolutionized the study of Roman history. He was the general editor of, and chief contributor to, the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, the gigantic collection of Roman inscriptions published by the Berlin Academy (1867-1959). This work laid the foundations for a systematic study of Roman government, administration, economics, and finance. Mommsen's books on Roman coinage and on Roman constitutional and criminal law are still classics in their fields. But he was more than a brilliant scholar with a tremendous grasp of detail and a powerful talent of organization. He was a vivid and powerful writer. His passionate involvement in the revolution of 1848-49 deeply affected the point of view of his main work, the incomplete Römische Geschichte (1854-55, 1885) [History of Rome]. His contempt for the senatorial oligarchy and the «weakling» Cicero, as well as his boundless admiration for the energy and statesmanship of Julius Caesar, for a long time dominated the standard view of the history of that era. The work covers the history of the Roman Republic; a history of the Empire was planned but never written, except for a volume on provincial administration under the Empire.
 
== Biag ==
Mommsen was born in [[Garding]] in [[Schleswig]] as a son of a poor minister. He grew up in [[Bad Oldesloe|Oldesloe]] and studied at home, thought he attended gymnasium in [[Altona]] for four years. He studied Greek and Latin and received his diploma in 1837, graduating as a doctor of Roman law. As he could not afford to study at one of the more prestigious German universities, he enrolled at the university of Kiel.
 
Mommsen studied [[jurisprudence]] at the [[University of Kiel]] ([[Holstein]]) from [[1838]] to [[1843]]. Thanks to a Danish grant, he was able to visit [[France]] and [[Italy]] to study classical preserved Roman insriptions. During the [[revolution of 1848]], Mommsen worked as a correspondent in [[Rendsburg]], supporting the annexation of Schleswig-Holstein and constitutional reform. He became a professor of [[law]] in the same year at the [[University of Leipzig]]. When he protested the new constitution of Saxony in 1851 he had to resign, but already in 1852 he obtained a professorship in [[Roman law]] at the [[University of Zürich]], and in 1854 at the [[University of Breslau]], where he met [[Jacob Bernays]]. In 1857 he became a research professor at the Berlin Academy of Sciences. He later helped to create and manage the German Archaeological Institute in Rome.
 
Mommsen worked hard. He rose at five and began to work in his library. Whenever he went out, he took one of his books along to read, and contemporaries often could see him reading while walking in the streets.
 
In [[1858]] Mommsen was appointed as a member of the Academy of Sciences in Berlin, and he also became professor of Roman History at the [[University of Berlin]] in [[1861]], where he held lectures up to [[1887]]. Mommsen received high recognition for his scientific achievements: the medal [[Pour le Mérite]] in [[1868]], honorary citizenship of [[Rome]], and the [[Nobel prize for literature]] in [[1902]] for his main work ''Römische Geschichte'' (''Roman History''). He is one of the very few [[non-fiction]] writers to receive the Nobel prize in literature. Mommsen had sixteen children with his wife Marie (daughter of the editor [[Karl Reimer]] from Leipzig), some of whom died at young age. Two of his great-grandsons, [[Hans Mommsen|Hans]] and [[Wolfgang Mommsen|Wolfgang]], are prominent German historians.
 
== Scientific Works ==
[[Image:Theodor mommsen.jpg|thumb|Theodor Mommsen in 1881]]
* ''[[History of Rome (Mommsen)|History of Rome]]'': Mommsen's most famous work appeared in three volumes between 1854 and 1856, and exposed Roman history up to the end of the [[Roman republic]] and the rule of [[Julius Caesar]], whom Mommsen portrayed as a gifted statesman. He closely compared political issues, especially of the late [[Roman Republic|Republic]], (also in their terminology) to political developments in the 19th century ([[nation-state]], [[democracy]]). It is counted among the great classics of historical works. Mommsen never wrote a continuation of his Roman history to incorporate the [[Roman Empire|imperial period]]. Notes taken during his lectures on the Roman Empire between 1863 and 1886 were published (in [[1992]]) under the title ''A History of Rome Under the Emperors''. In [[1885]] a presentation of the Roman provinces in the imperial period appeared as volume 5 of ''Roman History'' (''The Provinces of the Roman Empire from Caesar to Diocletian''). There was no volume 4.
 
* ''Roman Constitutional Law'': (1871-1888) This systematic treatment of [[Roman Law|Roman constitutional law]] in three volumes has been of importance for research on ancient history.
 
* ''Roman Criminal Law'' (1899)
 
* more than 1,500 further studies and treatises on single issues.
 
Mommsen published hundreds of works - a [[1905]] bibliography lists over 1,000 items - and effectively established a new framework for the systematic study of [[Rome|Roman]] history. He pioneered [[epigraphy]], the study of [[inscription]]s on stone and wood. Although the unfinished ''[[History of Rome]]'' has been widely considered as his main work, the work most relevant today is perhaps the ''[[Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum]]'', a collection of Roman inscriptions he contributed to the [[Berlin Academy]].
 
== Mommsen as scientific editor and organiser ==
While he was secretary of the Historical-Philological Class at the [[Berlin Academy]] (1874-1895), Mommsen organised countless scientific projects, mostly editions of original sources.
 
=== ''Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum'' ===
At the beginning of his scientific career, Mommsen already envisioned a collection of all known ancient Latin inscriptions when he published the inscriptions of the [[Naples|Neapolitan]] Kingdom ([[1852]]). He received additional impetus and training from [[Bartolomeo Borghesi]] of [[San Marino]]. The complete ''[[Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum]]'' would consist of sixteen volumes. Fifteen of them appeared in Mommsen's lifetime and he wrote five of them himself. The basic principle of the edition (contrary to previous collections) was the method of autopsy (which in Greek means literally "to see for oneself"), according to which all extant inscriptions were tested and compared to the original.
 
=== Further editions and research projects ===
Mommsen also published the fundamental collections in Roman law: the ''[[Corpus Iuris Civilis]]'' and the ''[[Codex Theodosianus]]''. Furthermore, he played an important role in the publication of the ''[[Monumenta Germaniae Historica]]'', the edition of the texts of the [[Church Fathers]], the [[Limes]] research and countless other projects.
 
== Mommsen as politician ==
Mommsen was a delegate to the [[Prussia]]n [[Landtag]] in 1863-1866 and again in 1873-1879, and delegate to the [[Reichstag_(institution)|Reichstag]] in 1881-1884, at first for the [[Liberal|liberal]] [[German Progress Party]] (''Deutsche Fortschrittspartei''), later for the [[National Liberal Party (Germany)|National Liberal Party]] (''Nationalliberalen''), and finally for the Secessionists. He was very concerned with questions about scientific and educational policies and held national positions. Disappointed with the politics of the empire, regarding whose future he was quite pessimistic, in the end he advised collaboration between Liberals and Social Democrats.
 
In 1881 Mommsen strongly disagreed with [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck]] about social policies in 1881. He used strong words and narrowly avoided prosecution. In 1879 his colleague [[Heinrich von Treitschke]] (the so-called 'Berliner [[Antisemitism|Antisemitismus]]streit') begun a political campaign against Jews and Mommsen criticized him sharply in public.
 
== Trivia ==
Mommsen was both the oldest person to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature and the first-born laureate; born in 1817, he won the second Nobel ever awarded at the age of eighty-five. The next oldest laureate in Literature is [[Paul Heyse]], born in 1830, who won the Nobel in 1910.
 
Fellow Nobel Laureate (1925) Bernard Shaw cited Mommsen's interpretation of the last First Consul of the Republic, Julius Caesar, as one of the inspirations for his 1898 (1905 on Broadway) play, "Caesar and Cleopatra."
 
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== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
* [[Wilhelm Weber]], ''Theodor Mommsen'' (1929)
* [[W. Warde Fowler]], ''Theodor Mommsen: HisBiag Lifeken and WorkObrana'' (1909)
* Mommsen, Theodor: ''Römische Geschichte''. dagiti 8 Volumesa tomo. dtv, München 2001. ISBN 3-423-59055-6
* Heuß, Alfred: ''Theodor Mommsen und das 19. Jahrhundert''. Kiel 1956; reprinted Stuttgart 1996. ISBN 3-515-06966-6
* Wickert, Lothar: ''Theodor Mommsen''. dagiti 4 volumesa tomo. Frankfurt/Main, 1959?1980.
* Rebenich, Stefan: ''Theodor Mommsen: eine Biographie''. Beck, München 2002. ISBN 3-406-49295-9
* Anthony Grafton - ''RomanRomano Monumenta Monumento'' (''HistoryPakasaritaan TodayTatta nga Aldaw'' September 2006Septiembre2006)
 
== Dagiti silpo ti ruar nagibasaran==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://nobelprize.org/literature/laureates/1902/index.html Nobel Prize bio]
 
* [http://nobelprize.org/literature/laureates/1902/mommsen-bio.html Biografia ni Moomsen idiay site iti Premio Nobel]
==Dagiti silpo ti ruar==
* [http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/mommsen.htm Biografia ni Mommsen]
*{{commonscat-inline}}
* [http://www.mommsen.de/theodor/ Biografia ni Theodor Mommsen iti website ti familia nga Mommsen]
*{{wikiquote-inline}}
* [http://nobelprize.org/literature/laureates/1902/index.html Biograpia ti Premio Nobel a laureado]
* [http://nobelprize.org/literature/laureates/1902/mommsen-bio.html Ti Premio Nobel a biograpia ni Mommsen]
 
{{pungol-bio}}
 
{{Premio Nobel iti Literatura}}
 
{{Turay a panagtengngel|GND=118583425|LCCN=n/50/4383|VIAF=7402506|SELIBR=258865}}
 
{{Datos ti tao
| NAGAN = Mommsen, Christian Matthias Theodor
| PAGPILIAN A NAGNAGAN = Mommsen, Theodor
| ABABA A PANGILADAWAN = Aleman a klasiko nga eskolar, hurista ken historiador
| PANNAKAIPASNGAY = 30 Nobiembre 1817
| NAKAIPASNGAYAN = [[Garding]], [[Schleswig]]
| PIMMUSAY = 1 Nobiembre 1903
| PIMMUSAYAN = [[Charlottenburg]], [[Aleman nga Imperio]]
}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mommsen, Theodor}}
[[Kategoria:1817 a pannakaipasngay]]
[[Kategoria:1903 nga ipupusay]]
[[Kategoria:Dagiti Nobel a laureado iti Literatura|Mommsen]]
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