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Gubat ti Bietnam: Paggiddiatan a nagbaetan dagiti rebision

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m Inyalis ni Lam-ang ti panid ti Bietnam a Gubat iti Gubat ti Bietnam a nagtuon iti baw-ing: nasaysayaat a nagan
Kopia urnos (adu)
Linia 1:
{{Infobox suppiat ti militar
|partof = ti [[Nalamiss a Gubat]] ken ti [[Indotsina a Gubgubat]]
|image = [[FilePapeles:Bruce Crandall's UH-1D.jpg|300px]]
|caption = Ti [[Bell UH-1 Iroquois|Bell UH-1D a helikopter]] a piniloto ni Komandante [[Bruce P. Crandall]] ket sumangsang-at ti langit kalpasan a nagibababnangibaba kadagiti inpanteria ti Estados Unidos para iti mision nga [[agbiruk ken dadaelen]]
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|date = {{start date|df=yes|1955|11|1}}<ref group=A name="start date" /> – {{End date|df=yes|1975|4|30}} ({{Age in years and days|1955|11|1|1975|04|30}})
|place = [[Abagatan a Bietnam]], [[Amianan a Bietnam]], [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]]
|causes = Panagkaykaysa ti Bietnam (Amianan a Bietnam)<br />[[Panaglas-ud nga annuroten]] ken [[Domino a teoria]], [[Golpo iti Tonkin a Pasamak]] (Estados Unidos)
|territory = Panagkaykaysa ti Amianan ken Abagatan a Bietnam iti [[Betnam|Sosialista a Republika ti Bietnam]].
|result = Panagballigi ti [[Amianan a Bietnam]]
* Panagsanud dagiti [[Siiigam a Buyot iti Estados Unidos|pursapuersa ti Amerikano]] manipud idiay [[Indotsina]]
* PanakarunawPannakarunaw iti [[Republika iti Bietnam]]
* Nagturay dagiti komunista agobierno idiay [[Panagpadasan a Rebolusionario a Gobierno iti Republika iti Abagatan a Bietnam|Abagatan a Bietnam]], [[Demokratiko a Kampuchea|Cambodia]] ken [[Laos]]
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Linia 18:
{{wagaywayikono|Republic of Korea}} [[Republika iti Korea]]<br />
{{wagaywayikono|Australia}} [[Australia]]<br />
{{wagayway|PilipinasFilipinas|1919}}<br />
{{wagayway|Baro a Selanda}}<br />
{{wagayway|Tailandia}}<br />
{{wagaywayikono|Cambodia|1970}} [[Khmer a Republika]]<br />
{{wagaywayikono|Laos|1952}} [[Pagarian iti Laos]]
 
''Sinuportaran babaen ti:''<br />
{{wagaywayikono|Spanish State}} [[Francoista nga ESpania|Espania]]<ref>Larsen, Stanley R. ken Collins, James L. Jr. ''Panagdal ti Bietnam: PanakibinglayPannakibinglay dagiti Kumaduaan idiay Bietnam''. Washington, DC: Departamento ti Buyot, 1985. p. 167. Ti Espania ket nangipatulod sangkakuyogan ti medisina idiay Probinsia ti Co Gong idi 1965.</ref><br />
{{wagaywayikono|Republic of China}} [[Republika iti Tsina]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.psywarrior.com/AlliesRepublicVietnam.html|title=ALLIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM |accessdate=24 Septiembre 2011 }}</ref><br />
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|combatant2 = Dagiti puersa a'''[[Komunismo|komunista]]:'''
Linia 41:
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|strength1 = '''~1,830,000 (1968)'''<br />
Republika ititi Bietnam: 850,000<br />
Estados Unidos: 536,100<br />
[[Dagiti Puersa ti MilisiaMilitar ti Nawaya a Lubong]]: 65,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historycentral.com/Vietnam/Troop.html |title=BietnamGubat ati GubatBietnam : Kapigsa dagiti tropa ti E.U. |publisher=Historycentral.com |accessdate=17 Oktubre 2009 }}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/mrc/reader/vvmcr.htm |title=DagitikinapudnoDagiti kinapudno a maipanggep ti Pammalagip nga Urnong dagiti Beterano ti Bietnam |publisher=nps.gov}} (agdakdakamat Dagiti immuna a panggubatan a tropa ti Amerikano a simmanglad idiay [[Abagatan a Bietnam]] idi Marso 1965, a naisangsangayan ti Maikatlo a Rehimento ti Kuerpo Marina ti E.U., Maikatlo a Dibision ti Kuerpo Marina, a naibaniaga idiay Bietnam manipud idiay Okinawa tapno mangsalaknib ti Da Nang, Bietnam, a dalanan ti eroplano. Idi panawen ti a kakaruan a panakibingpannakibinglay ti E.U., 31 Disiembre 1968, dagiti bilang dagiti kumaduaan a puersa ket dagiti sumaganad: 536,100 milisiamilitar a tropa ti E.U., nga adda dagiti 30,610 milisiamilitar ti E.U. a natnatayen; 65,000 dagiti Puersa ti MilisiaMilitar ti Nawaya a Lubong; 820,000 Siiigam a Buyot ti Abagatan a Bietnam (SVNAF) nga adda dagiti 88,343 a natnatayen. Iti gibus ti gubat, adda dagiti agarup a 2,200 a napukpukaw ti aksion ti E.U. (MIA) ken naibaludan ti gubat (POW). Taudan: Harry G. Summers, Jr. Alamanak ti BietnamGubat ati GubatBietnam, Kinapudo ti PanagipablaakPanangipablaak dagiti Papeles, 1985.)</ref><br />
Republika ititi Korea: 50,000<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGJ9V06p0BQC&pg=PA16 |title=Kuerpo Marina ti Bietnam 1965–73 |publisher=Google Books |date=8 Marso 1965 |accessdate=29 Abril 2011}}</ref><br />
Mankomunidad ititi Australia: 7,672<br />
Pagarian ititi Tailandia, PilipinasFilipinas: 10,450<br />
Baro a Selanda: 552
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|strength2 = '''461,000'''+<br />
Demokratiko a Republika iti Bietnam: 287,465 (Enero 1968)<ref>BietnamGubat ati GubatBietnam kalpasan dagiti Reporta ti Aksion, BACM Research, 2009, panid 430</ref><br />
Republika dagiti Tattao iti Tsina: 170,000 (1969)<br />
Kappon ti Sobiet: 3,000<br />
Demokratiko a Republika dagiti Tattao iti Korea: 300–600
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|commander1 = {{wagaywayikono|South Vietnam}} [[Ngo Dinh Diem|Ngô Đình Diệm]] <br />{{wagaywayikono|South Vietnam}} [[Nguyen Van Thieu|Nguyễn Văn Thiệu]]<br />{{wagaywayikono| South Vietnam}} [[Nguyen Cao Ky|Nguyễn Cao Kỳ]]<br />{{wagaywayikono|South Vietnam}} [[Cao Van Vien|Cao Văn Viên]]<br />{{wagaywayikono|USA}} [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] <br />{{wagaywayikono|USA}} [[Richard Nixon]]<br />{{wagaywayikono|USA}} [[William Westmoreland]]<br />{{wagaywayikono|USA}} [[Creighton Abrams]]<br />[[LeadersDagiti ofdaulo theti VietnamGubat Warti Bietnam|...…''andken dadduma otherspay'']]
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|commander2 = {{wagaywayikono|North Vietnam}} [[Ho Chi Minh|Hồ Chí Minh]]<br />{{wagaywayikono|North Vietnam}} [[Le Duan|Lê Duẩn]] <br />{{wagaywayikono|North Vietnam}} [[Vo Nguyen Giap|Võ Nguyên Giáp]] <br />{{wagaywayikono|Republic of South Vietnam}} [[Hoang Van Thai|Hoàng Văn Thái]] <br /> {{wagaywayikono|North Vietnam}} [[Van Tien Dung|Văn Tiến Dũng]] <br />{{wagaywayikono|Republic of South Vietnam}} [[Tran Van Tra|Trần Văn Trà]]<br />{{wagaywayikono|Republic of South Vietnam}} [[Nguyen Van Linh|Nguyễn Văn Linh]]<br />{{wagaywayikono|Republic of South Vietnam}} [[Nguyễn Hữu Thọ]]<br />[[Dagiti daulo ti BietnamGubat ati GubatBietnam|...…''ken dadduma pay'']]
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|casualties1 = {{wagaywayikono|South Vietnam}} '''Republika ititi Bietnam'''<br />361,000<ref name=FOOTNOTERummel1997 />-720,000 a natnatay a sibilian;<ref name=FOOTNOTERummel1997 /> natnatay a milisiamilitar: 220,357 (kababaan a karkulo)<ref name="aaron" /> – 316,000 a natay (kangatuan akarkuloa karkulo);<ref name=FOOTNOTERummel1997>{{citation |last=Rummel |first=R.J |year=1997 |url=http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB6.1A.GIF |format=GIF |title=Tabla 6.1A. Bietnam Demosidio : Dagiti karkulo, Dagiti nagtaudan, ken dagiti panagkarlulo, |work=Kawayaan, Demokrasia, Kappia; Bileg, Demosidio, ken Gubat, [http://www.hawaii.edu/ Unibersidad ti Hawaii a Sistema] }}</ref> 1,170,000 a nasugsugatnnasugsugatan<br />
{{wagaywayikono|Estados Unidos}} '''Estados Unidos'''<br />58,220 a natnatay;<ref group=A name=USd&w /> 303,644 a nasugsugatan<ref group=A name=USd&w /><br />
{{wagaywayikono|South Korea}} '''Republika ititi Korea'''<br />5,099 a natnatay; 10,962 a nasugsugatan; 4 a napukpukaw<br />
{{wagaywayikono|Australia}} '''Mankomunidad ititi Australia'''<br />521 a natnatay; 3,000 a nasugsugatnnasugsugatan<br />
{{wagaywayikono|New Zealand}} '''Baro a SeladaSelanda'''<br />37 da natnatay; 187 a nasugsugatan<br />
{{wagaywayikono|Thailand}} '''Pagarian ititi Tailandia'''<br />1,351 a natnatay<ref name="aaron" /><br />
{{wagaywayikono|Laos|1952}} '''Pagaraian ititi Laos'''<br />30,000 a natnatay, di amammoam-ammo dagiti nasugatan<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vietnamgear.com/casualties.aspx |title=Dagiti nadangran ti BietnamGubat ati GubatBietnam |publisher=Vietnamgear.com |date=3 Abril 1995 |accessdate=17 Oktubre 2009 }}</ref>
 
'''Dagup dagiti natay: 676,585 – 1,035,585'''<br />'''Dagup dagiti nasugatan: ~1,490,000+'''
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|casualties2 = {{wagaywayikono|North Vietnam}}{{wagaywayikono|Republic of South Vietnam}} '''AmiannaAmianan a Bietnam & NLF'''<br />50,000{{sfn|Rummel|1997}}-182,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/battlefieldvietnam/timeline/index2.html |title=Paggugubatan:Linia aPagurasan ti Bietnam |publisher=Pbs.org |accessdate=31 Oktubre 2011}}</ref> sibilian anatnataya natnatay<br /> 533,000 – 1,489,000 a milisiamilitar anatnataya natnatay wenno napukpukaw;<ref name=FOOTNOTERummel1997 /> 600,000+ a nasugsugatan<ref>Soames, John. ''Ti Pakasaritaan tiiti Lubong'', Routledge, 2005.</ref><br />
{{wagaywayikono|Tsína}} '''Republika dagiti Tattao iti Tsina'''<br />1,446 a natnatay; 4,200 a nasugsugatan<br />{{wagaywayikono|Kappon ti Sobiet}} '''Kappon ti Sobiet'''<br />16 a natnatay<ref>Dunnigan, James & Nofi, Albert: ''Dagiti Babassit a Sekreto ti BietnamGubat ati GubatBietnam: Dagiti Pakaammo ti MilisiaMilitar a Saanmo kumakoma a MaamoanMaamuan.'' St. Martin's Press, 2000, p. 284. ISBN 0-312-25282-X.</ref>
 
'''Dagup dagiti natnatay: 584,462-1,672,462'''<br />'''Dagup dagiti nasugsugatan: ~604,200+'''
|
|casualties3 = <div></div>
'''Dagiti sibilian a Bietnamis a natnatay''': 411,000<ref name=FOOTNOTERummel1997 /> – 2,000,000<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/23/world/20-years-after-victory-vietnamese-communists-ponder-how-to-celebrate.html?pagewanted=2&src=pm</ref><br />
'''Dagiti sibilian a Kambodiano a nanatay''': 200,000 – 300,000*<ref name="Heuveline, Patrick 2001" /><ref name="Marek Sliwinski 1995" /><ref name="Banister, Judith 1993" /><br />
'''Dagiti sibilian aLaotianoa Laotiano a natnatay''': 20,000 – 200,000*<br />
'''Dagup dagiti sibilian a natnatay:''' 631,000 – 2,500,000<ref name="afp1995-a">{{cite news |title=20 a Tawtawen kaplasan ti Panaballigi, Dagiti Bietnamis a Komunista ket Agpanpanunotda no Kasanoda nga Agrambak |author=Philip Shenon|first=Philip |last=Shenon |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/23/world/20-years-after-victory-vietnamese-communists-ponder-how-to-celebrate.html |date=23 Abril 1995 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=24 Pebrero 2011 }} Ti Bietnamis a gobierno ket opisial a nagtunton ti narusanger a karkulo kadagiti 2 a riwriw a natnatay a sibilian, ngem saanna a biningbingay dagitoy a natay ti nagbaetan ti Amianan ken Abagatan a Bietnam.</ref><br> />
'''Total dead''': 1,481,047 -– 4,008,047<br>
 
<nowiki>*</nowiki> ken agibaga dagiti kapagarupan, kitaen ti [[#Dagiti nadangran|Dagiti nadangran]] dita baba<br />
Para iti adu pay a pakaammo kitaen ti [[Dagiti nadangran ti BietnamGubat ati GubatBietnam]]
}}
 
Ti '''BietnamGubat ati GubatBietnam'''{{#tag:ref|Makunkuna pay a ti ''Maikadua nga Indotsina a Gubat'', ''Bietnam a Suppiat'', ''Amerikano a Gubat'' idiay Bietnam, ken, ken idiay pay Bietnam, a kas ti ''Gubat a panagsuppiat kadagiti Amerikano tapno a Maisalakan ti Pagilian''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/Social-Isssues/193440/Two-250kg-wartime-bombs-defused.html |title=Opisial a taudan ti panag-usar ti nagan |publisher=Vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn |date=29 Oktubre 2009 |accessdate=28 Abril 2010|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110429011017/http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/Social-Isssues/193440/Two-250kg-wartime-bombs-defused.html|archivedate=2011-04-29}}</ref>|group="A"}} ket maysa idi a [[Nalamiis a Gubat]] a panawen a [[Palikud a gubat|suppiat ti milisiamilitar]] a rimsua idiay [[Bietnam]], [[Laos]], ken [[Cambodia]] manipud idi 1 Nobiembre 1955{{#tag:ref|Gapu ti nasapa a kaadda dagiti tropa ti Amerikano idiay Bietnam ti petsa a panangrugi ti BietnamGubat ati GubatBietnam ket narigat a maammoanmaammuan. Idi 1998 kalpasan ti nangato a panagrepaso babaen ti [[Departamento iti Salaknib ti Estados Unidos|Departamento iti Salaknib (DoD)]] ken babaen dagiti ganetget ti pamilia ni [[Richard B. Fitzgibbon, Jr.|Richard B. Fitzgibbon]] ti panangrugi a petsa ti BietnamGubat ati GubatBietnam ket nasukatan ti 1 Nobiembre1955Nobiembre 1955.<ref name="DoD p. ">{{harvnb|DoD|1998|p=}}</ref> Ti gobierno ti E.U. ket agdama nga agdakdakamat ti 1 Nobiembre 1955 a kas ti panagrugi iti "Bietnam a Suppiat," gaputa daytoy ket ti aldaw a panakaibaniagapannakaibaniaga dagiti Grupo ti MilisiaMilitar a Panagtulong ti Panagbalakad ti E.U. ({{lang-en|U.S. Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG)}}) idiay Indotsina (naibaniga idiay Abagatan a daya nga Asia babaen ni Presidente Truman) ket naurnong manen a kas dagiti naisangsangayan ti pagilian a paspaset ken ti MAAG a Bietnam ket napabangon idi.<ref name="Lawrence p. 20">{{harvnb|Lawrence|2009|p=[http://books.google.com/books?id=CxtJ56I2cjMC&pg=PA20 20]}}</ref>
 
Dagiti sabsabali pay a petsa a panagrugi ketmairaman idi ti Hanoi ket nangipalubos kadagiti puersa ti Viet Cong idiay Abagatn a Bietnam a mangrugi kadagiti ababa nga agpang ti [[insureksion]] idi Disiembre1956,<ref name=autogenerated1>James Olson ken Randy Roberts, ''Idiay Nagtinnagan ti Domino: Amerika ken Bietnam, 1945–1990'', p. 67 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991).</ref> nga adda dagiti makakitkita a ti 26 Septiembre 1959 idi ti immuna a gubat ket rimsua ti nagbaetan ti Komunista ken Abagatan a Bietnam a Buyot, a kas tipetsa a panagrugi.<ref name="WarBegan">[http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent14.htm Dagiti nagtaudan ti Insureksion idiay Abagatan a Bietnam, 1954–1960], Dagiti Papel ti Pentagon (Gravel nga Edision), Tomo 1, Kapitulio 5, (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971), Paset 3, pp. 314–346; Departamento ti Internasional a PanakibiangPannakibiang, Kolehio ti Bantay Holyoke.</ref>
|group="A"|name="start date"}} aginggana ti [[Panakatnag iti Saigon]] odi 30 Abril 1975. Daytoy a gubat ket sinarunona ti [[Umuna nga Indotsina a Gubat]] ken naglabana a nagbaetan ti [[Amianan a Bietnam]], ketn sinopurtaran babaen dagiti [[komunismo|komunista]] a kumaduaanna, ken ti gobierno ti [[Abagatan a Bietnam]], a sinopurtaran babaen ti [[Estados Unidos]] ken dagiti sabsabali a [[kontra-komunismo|kontra-komunista]] a pagpagilian.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=BietnamGubat ati GubatBietnam |quote=Kabayatan a, ti Estados Unidos, ti milisianamilitarna ket desmoralisado ken dagiti sibilian nga elektorado ket naunegda a nabingbingay, ket nagrugida kadagiti pamay-an a panakaawat ti panaapaay ti kaatddogan ken kaaduan ti nagsuppiat a gubat|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/628478/Vietnam-War |accessdate=5 Marso 2008}}</ref> Ti [[Viet Cong]] (makunkuna pay a ti Sangauanag ti Nailaina Panagwayawaya, wenno NLF), ti maysa a nalagan a naarmasan nga Abagtana Bietnam a tinengtengngel ti komunista a [[sapasap a sanguanan]], ket kaaduan a nakilablaban ti maysa a [[gerilia a pannakigubatan|gerilia agubat]] a sumuppiat kadagiti konta-komunista a pursa iti dayta a rehion. Ti [[Buyot dagiti Tattao ti Bietnam]] (Buyot ti Amianan a Bietnam) ken nakisinnupiat kadagiti kaaduan a [[kadawyan a pannakigubatan|kadawyan a gubat]], nga adda dagiti panawen nagitalek kadagiti dadakkel a unit iti gubatan. Ti E.U. ken dagiti puersa ti Abagatan a Bietnam ket nagitaltalekda kadagiti [[Supremasia ti angin]] ken ti agparmek a kabilegan tapno agaramid kadagiti [[agbiruk ken dadaelen]] nga operasion, a mairaman dagiti [[Buyot|puersa ti daga]], [[artileria]], ken dagiti [[panagpunta manipud tiiti tangatang]].
 
Ti panakakitapannakakita ti gobierno ti E.U. ti panakibiang ti daytoy a gubat ket ti kasla dalan a panagpawil ti panagraut dagiti [[komunista]] iti Abagatan a Bietnam a kas paset ti nalawlawa nga estratehia iti [[panaglas-ud]]. Ti gobierno ti Amianan a Bietnam ken Viet Cong ket nakitkitada daytoy a siuppiat a kas maysa a [[kolonial a gubat]], nga immuna a nilabanan a maisuppiat ti [[Pransia]], a sinuportaran babaen ti Estados Unidos, ken kalpasan daytoy ti suppiatan a maipapapn ti Abagatn a Bietnam, a daytoy ket naipanunotanda a kas [[tirtiris nga estado]] ti Estados Unidos .<ref>{{cite web|author=Digital History, Steven Mintz |url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/modules/vietnam/index.cfm |title=The Vietnam War |publisher=Digitalhistory.uh.edu|accessdate=31 October 2011}}</ref> Dagiti Amerikano nga [[agbalbalakad a milisiamilitar]] ket simmangpetda idi idiay [[Pranses nga Indotsina]] a nangrugi idi 1950. Ti panakairaman ti Estados Unidos ket kimmaro idi kasapaan ti 1960, nga dagiti kaadu ti tropa ket natriple idi 1961 ken natriple manen idi 1962.<ref>[http://25thaviation.org/facts/id430.htm Dagiti Estadistika ken Kinapudno I ti BietnamGubat ati GubatBietnam], sapot a pagsaaadan ti Maika-25 nga Abiasion a Batalion.</ref> Dagiti [[MilisiaMilitar nga organisasion|pananakigubat a unit]] ti Estados Unidos ket nagrugida a naibaniaga idi 1965. Dagiti operasio ket naigay-at kadagiti internasional a pagbeddengan, a dagitoy ket nakaro a binomba ti Laos ken Cambodia. Ti Amerikano a panakairamanpannakairaman ti daytoy a gubat ket kimmaro idi 1968, itipanaweniti panawen ti [[Tet Offensive|Tet a Panagraut]]. Kalpasan daytoy, dagiti puersa ti daga ti Estados Unidos ket naininutda a naikkat a kas paset ti annuroten anga naamammoanammo a kas ti [[VietnamisasionBietnamisasion]]. Uray pay no ti [[Paris a Panagtunos ti kappia]], a pinirmaan dagiti amina nairaman idi Enero 1973, ti panakilablabanpannakilablaban ket nagtutuloy.
 
Ti panakairamanpannakairaman ti Estados Unidos ket naigibusnagpatingga idi 15 Agosto 1973 a aks nagbanagan ti [[Case–Church Panagpasayaat]] nga impasa ti Kongreso ti Estados Unidos.<ref>Kolko, Gabriel ''Anatomia iti Gubat'', pp. 457, 461 ff., ISBN 1-898876-67-3.</ref> Ti [[PanakatnagPannakatnag iti Saigon|panakatiliwpannakatiliw iti Saigon]] babaen dagiti Buyot dagiti Tattao iti Bietnam idi Abril 1975 ket nangmarka daytoy ti gibuspanagpatingga ti gubat, ken ti Amianan ken Abagatan a Bietnam ket napagkaykaysa ti simmaruno a tawen. Ti gubat ket gapuanan ti adu a bayad iti termino dagiti nadangran (kitaen ti [[Dagiti nadangran ti BietnamGubat ati GubatBietnam]]). Dagiti karkulo ti bilang dagiti soldado ti Bietnam ket dagiti sibilian anatnatay ket agdumaduma manipud tiiti basbassit a maysa a riwriw<ref>Charles Hirschman et al., "Dagiti nadangran a Bietnamis idi Panawen ti Amerikano a Gubat: Baro a Karkulo," Panagrepaso ti Populasion ken Panagrang-ay, Disiembre 1995.</ref> agingganaginggana atiiti adaduad-adu ngem tallo a riwriw.<ref name="afp1995">{{cite news |title=20 a Tawtawen Kalpasan ti Panagballigi, Dagiti Bietnamis a Komunista ket Agpanpanunotda no Kasanoda nga Agrambak |author=Philip Shenon|first=Philip |last=Shenon |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/23/world/20-years-after-victory-vietnamese-communists-ponder-how-to-celebrate.html |date=23 Abril 1995 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=24 Pebrero 2011 }}</ref><ref>Associated Press, 3 Abril 1995, "Ti Bietnam ket agkunkuna a 1.1 a Riwriw dagiti Natnatay a Nakilablaban Para iti Amianan."</ref> Addda ti 200,000–300,000 a [[Tattao a Khmer|Kambodiano]],<ref name="Heuveline, Patrick 2001">Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "Ti Demograpiko a Panagusig iti Mortalidad idiay Kambodia." Iti Napilit a Panagtalaw ken Mortalidad, eds. Holly E. Reed ken Charles B. Keely. Washington, D.C.: Nailian nga Akademia a Pagmalditan.</ref><ref name="Marek Sliwinski 1995">Marek Sliwinski, Le Génocide Khmer Rouge: Une Analyse Démographique (L'Harmattan, 1995).</ref><ref name="Banister, Judith 1993">Banister, Judith, ken Paige Johnson (1993). "After the Nightmare: The Population of Cambodia." In Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia: The Khmer Rouge, the United Nations and the International Community, ed. Ben Kiernan. New Haven, Conn.: Unibersidad ti Yale a Panagadadal ti AnagatanAbagatan a daya nga Asia .</ref> 20,000–200,000 [[Tattao a Lao|Laotiano]],<ref>Warner, Roger, [[Punpuntaan ti Bulan (libro)|Punpuntaan ti Bulan]], (1996), pp366, nagkarkulo ti 30,000 a Hmong.</ref><ref>Obermeyer, "Limapulo a tawtawen dagiti natnatay ti naranggas a gubat manipud tiiti Bietnam aginggana ti Bosnia", ''Medisina a Warnakan ti Britaniko,'' 2008, nagkarkulo ti 60,000 a dagup.</ref><ref>T. Lomperis, ''Manipud tiiti Gubat dagiti Tattao aginggan ti Panagturay dagiti Tattao,'' (1996), nagkarkulo ti 35,000 a dagup.</ref><ref>Small, Melvin & Joel David Singer, ''Agresorta kadagiti Armas: Internasional ken Sibil a Gubagubat 1816–1980'', (1982), nagkarkulo ti 20,000 a dagup.</ref><ref>Taylor, Charles Lewis, ''Ti Libro ti Lubong iti Politiko a Sosial a Pangituduan,'' nagkarkulo ti 20,000 a dagup.</ref><ref>Stuart-Fox, Martin, ''Pakasaritaan iti Laos,'' nagkarkulo ti 200,000 babaen idi 1973.</ref> ken 58,220 a kamkamen dagiti serbisio ti Estados Unidos ket natnatay pay iti daytoy a suppiat.{{#Tag:Ref|Dagiti bilang ti 58,220 ken 303,644 para kadagiti natnatay ti E.U. ken nasugsugatan ket nanipud ti Departamento iti Salaknib Statistical a Dibision ti PanagusiEstadistika iti Panagusig ti Pakaammo (SIAD), Defense Manpower Data Center, ken nanipud pay idiay Departamento dagiti Beterano ti kipudno apapela papel a napetsaan tiidi Mayo 2010<ref>{{cite report |date=26 Pebrero 2010 |title=Dagiti Gubat ti Amerika |url=http://www1.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf |publisher=Departamento ti Beterano a PanakibiangPannakibiang |month=Mayo |Year=2010}}</ref> ti CRS ([[Serbiso ti Kongreso a Panagsukisok]]) Reporta para iti Kongreso, Amerikano a Gubat ken dagiti Nadangran ti MilisiaMilitar nga Operasion: Dagiti Listaan ken Estadistika, napetsaan ti 26 Pebrero 2010,<ref>{{cite report |date=26 Pebrero 2010 |title=Amerikano a Gubat ken dagiti Nadangran ti MilisiaMilitar nga Operasion: Dagiti Listaan ken Estadistika |url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL32492.pdf |author1=Anne Leland |author2=Mari–Jana "M-J" Oboroceanu |publisher=Serbiso ti Kongreso a Panagsukisok}}</ref> ken ti libro a Kriso a Bietnam: Panaglaplagip ti Inpateria a Teniente.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lawrence|2009|pp=[http://books.google.com/books?id=CxtJ56I2cjMC&pg=PA65 65], [http://books.google.com/books?id=CxtJ56I2cjMC&pg=PA107 107], [http://books.google.com/books?id=CxtJ56I2cjMC&pg=PA154 154], [http://books.google.com/books?id=CxtJ56I2cjMC&pg=PA217 217]}}</ref> Adda dagiti sabali a nagtaudan nga agited kadagiti sabali a bilang (a kas ti 2005/2006 a dokumentario a ''Puso iti Kasipngetan: Dagiti Kronika ti BietnamGubat ati GubatBietnam 1945–1975'' a nagdakat iti daytoy nga artkulo ket agited ti bilang iti 58,159 a natnatay ti E.U.,<ref name="aaron">{{cite video |people = Aaron Ulrich (editor); Edward FeuerHerd (nagpatpataud ken direktor) |date=2005 & 20062005–2006 |title = Puso iti Kasipngetan: Dagiti Kronika ti BietnamGubat ati GubatBietnam 1945–1975 |format = Box set, Color, Dolby, DVD-Video, Full Screen, NTSC, Dolby, Vision Software |medium = Dokumentario|publisher = Koch Vision |time = 321 a minuto |isbn = 1-4172-2920-9 }}</ref> ken ti 2007 libro a ''Annak a Lallaki ti Bietnam'' ket agited ti bilang iti 58,226)<ref>Kueter, Dale. ''Annak a Lallaki ti Bietnam: Para kadagiti dadduma, ti Gubat ket Saan pay a Nalpas.'' AuthorHouse (Marso 21, 2007). ISBN 978-14259693181-4259-6931-8</ref>|name=USd&w|group=A}}
 
== Anotasion ==
{{Reflist|group="A"|30em}}
 
== Paammo ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
 
== Dagiti nagibasaran ==
=== Dagiti maikadua anagtaudana nagtaudan ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
*Anderson, David L. ''Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War'' (2004).
*Baker, Kevin. "Stabbed in the Back! The past and future of a right-wing myth", ''Harper's Magazine'' (June 2006) {{cite web|url = http://www.harpers.org/archive/2006/06/0081080 |title = Stabbed in the back! The past and future of a right-wing myth (Harper's Magazine) |accessdate =11 JuneHunio 2008}}
*Angio, Joe. ''Nixon a Presidency Revealed'' (2007) The History Channel television documentary
*Berman, Larry. ''Lyndon Johnson's War: The Road to Stalemate'' (1991).
Linia 110:
*Brigham, Robert K. ''Battlefield Vietnam: A Brief History'' a PBS interactive website
*{{Cite book|last=Brocheux|first=Pierre |title=Ho Chi Minh: a biography|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85062-9|pages=[http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=fJtqjYiVbUAC&pg=PA198 198]|ref=harv}}
*Buckley, Kevin. [http://chss.montclair.edu/english/furr/Vietnam/buckley.html "Pacification's Deadly Price"], ''Newsweek'', 19 JuneHunio 1972. <!--accessed 7, 5 August 2008-->
*Buzzanco, Bob. "25 Years After End of Vietnam War: Myths Keep Us From Coming To Terms With Vietnam", ''The Baltimore Sun'' (17 April 2000) {{cite web|url = http://www.commondreams.org/views/041700-106.htm |title = 25 Years After End Of Vietnam War Myths Keep Us From Coming To Terms With Vietnam |accessdate =11 June 2008}}
*Church, Peter ed. ''A Short History of South-East Asia'' (2006).
*Cooper, Chester L. ''The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam'' (1970) a Washington insider's memoir of events.
*{{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Courtwright|first=David T.| title = Sky as frontier: adventure, aviation, and empire|edition=2005|year=2005| publisher = [[Texas A&M University Press]]| isbn= 1-58544-419-7}}
*Demma, Vincent H. "The U.S. Army in Vietnam." ''American Military History'' (1989) the official history of the United States Army. Available [http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/academic/history/marshall/military/vietnam/short.history/chap_28.txt online]
*{{cite book |last=Dennis |first=Peter |coauthors=et al |title=The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History |publisher=Oxford University Press Australia & New Zealand |location=Melbourne |year=2008 |edition=SecondMaika-2 |isbn=978-0-19-551784-2}}
*{{cite web|ref=harv|last=DoD|date= 6 NovemberNobiembre 1998|url = http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=1902|title = Name of Technical Sergeant Richard B. Fitzgibbon to be added to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial|publisher = [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense (DoD)]]| accessdate =31 MarchMarso 2010 |quote=}}
*Duiker, William J. ''The Communist Road to Power in Vietnam'' (1996).
*Duncanson, Dennis J. ''Government and Revolution in Vietnam'' (1968).
Linia 128:
*Herring, George C''. America's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975'' (4th ed 2001), most widely used short history.
*Hitchens, Christopher. ''The Vietnam Syndrome''.
*{{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Karnow|first=Stanley|authorlink = Stanley Karnow| title = Vietnam: A History|edition=1991|year=1991| publisher = [[Penguin Books|Viking Press]]| isbn= 0-670-84218-4}}; popular history by a former foreign correspondent; strong on Saigon's plans.
*Kutler, Stanley ed. ''Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War'' (1996).
*{{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Lawrence|first=A. T.|title = Crucible Vietnam: Memoir of an Infantry Lieutenant|edition=2009|year=2009| publisher = McFarland| isbn= 0-7864-4517-3}}.
Linia 137:
*McMahon, Robert J. ''Major Problems in the History of the Vietnam War: Documents and Essays'' (1995) textbook.
*McNamara, Robert, James Blight, Robert Brigham, Thomas Biersteker, Herbert Schandler, ''Argument Without End: In Search of Answers to the Vietnam Tragedy'', (Public Affairs, 1999).
*{{cite book |last=McGibbon|first=Ian|coauthors=ed |title=The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Auckland |year=2000 |edition= |isbn=0-19-558376-0}}
*{{Cite book|last=McNeill |first=Ian |title=To Long Tan: The Australian Army and the Vietnam War 1950–1966 |publisher=Allen & Unwin |location=St Leonards |year=1993 |isbn=1-86373-282-9|ref=harv}}
*Milne, David. ''America's Rasputin: Walt Rostow and the Vietnam War'' (Hill & Wang, 2008).
Linia 144:
*Moss, George D. ''Vietnam'' (4th ed 2002) textbook.
*Moyar, Mark. ''Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965'', (Cambridge University Press; 412 pages; 2006). A revisionist history that challenges the notion that U.S. involvement in Vietnam was misguided; defends the validity of the domino theory and disputes the notion that Ho Chi Minh was, at heart, a nationalist who would eventually turn against his Communist Chinese allies.
*Major General [[Spurgeon Neel]]. ''Medical Support of the U.S. Army in Vietnam 1965–1970'' (Department of the Army 1991) official medical history
*Nulty, Bernard.''The Vietnam War'' (1998) New York: Barnes and Noble.
*{{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Osborn|first=Terry A.| title = The future of foreign language education in the United States|edition=2002|year=2002| publisher = [[Greenwood Publishing Group]]| isbn= 978-0-89789-719-8}}
*Palmer, Bruce, Jr. ''The Twenty-Five Year War'' (1984), narrative military history by a senior U.S. general.
*Schell, Jonathan. ''The Time of Illusion'' (1976).
Linia 161:
{{Refend}}
 
=== Dagiti kangrunaan a nagtaudan ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
*Carter, Jimmy. ''[http://www.usdoj.gov/pardon/carter_proclamation.htm By The President Of The United States Of America, A Proclamation Granting Pardon For Violations Of The Selective Service Act], 4 August 1964 To 28 MarchMarso 1973'' (21 JanuaryEnero 1977)
*Central Intelligence Agency. "[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/la.html#history Laos]", ''CIA World Factbook''
*Kolko, Gabriel [http://www.counterpunch.org/kolko04292005.html The End of the Vietnam War, 30 Years Later]
Linia 171:
*Kissinger, United States Secretary of State Henry A. [http://www.ford.utexas.edu/library/exhibits/vietnam/750512a.htm "Lessons on Vietnam", (1975) secret memoranda to U.S. President Ford]
*Kim A. O'Connell, ed. ''Primary Source Accounts of the Vietnam War'' (2006)
*McCain, John. ''[[Faith of My Fathers: A Family Memoir]]'' (1999) *Marshall, Kathryn. ''In the Combat Zone: An Oral History of American Women in Vietnam, 1966–1975'' (1987)
*[[John Bartlow Martin|Martin, John Bartlow]]. ''Was Kennedy Planning to Pull out of Vietnam?'' (1964) oral history for the John F. Kennedy Library, tape V, reel 1.
*Myers, Thomas. ''Walking Point: American Narratives of Vietnam'' (1988)
*''Public Papers of the Presidents, 1965'' (1966) official documents of U.S. presidents.
Linia 179:
*Tang, Truong Nhu. ''A Vietcong Memoir'' (1985), revealing account by senior NLF official
*Terry, Wallace, ed. ''Bloods: An Oral History of the Vietnam War by Black Veterans'' (1984)
*{{Cite book|ref=harv| last =Truong|first= Như Tảng; David Chanoff, Van Toai Doan| authorlink = Trương Như Tạng| title = A Vietcong memoir|edition=1985|year=1985| publisher = [[Harcourt Brace Jovanovich]]| isbn= 978-0-15-193636-6}}<small>- Total pages: 350 </small>
*The landmark series Vietnam: A Television History, first broadcast in 1983, is a special presentation of the award-winning PBS history series, American Experience.
*''The Pentagon Papers'' (Gravel ed. 5 vol 1971); combination of narrative and secret documents compiled by Pentagon. [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent1.html excerpts]
Linia 187:
{{Refend}}
 
[[Kategoria:BietnamGubat ati GubatBietnam]]
[[Kategoria:Nangruna nga artikulo (atiddog)]]
Naala manipud iti "https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gubat_ti_Bietnam"