Agpakatengnga a bileg
Kadagiti relasion ti sangalubongan, ti agpakatengnga a bileg ket ti naturay nga estado a saan a kabilegan wenno nalatak a bileg, ngem adda pay met ti dakkel wenno kalalainganna nga impluensia ken sangalubongan a pannakabigbig. Ti konsepto ti "agpakatengnga a bileg" ket manipuden kadagiti taudan ti Europeano a sistema ti estado. Idi naladaw a maika-16 a siglo, ti managpanpanubot iti politika nga Italiano a ni Giovanni Botero ket biningbingayna ti lubong kadagiti tallo a kita ti estado – grandissime (dagiti imperio), mezano (dagiti agpakatengnga a bileg) ken piccoli (dagiti bassit a bileg). Segun kenni Botero,ti mezano wenno agpakatengnga a bileg "...ket addaan iti makaanay a kapigsa ken turay a bukod a makatakder nga awan ti pannakasapul iti tulong manipud kadagiti dadduma."[1]
Pannangipalawag
urnosenAwan ti pakaitunosan nga alagaden a pamay-an no ania dagiti estado ti agpakatengnga a bileg. Adda met dagiti agsuksukisok nga agus-usar iti estadistika ti Dagup ti Nailian a Produkto (Gross National Product wenno GNP) tapno makaala kadagiti listaan dagiti agpakatengnga a bileg iti amin a paset iti lubong. Iti ekonomia, dagiti agpakatengnga a bileg ket kadawyan a dagiti saan a naikeddeng a "dakkel"unay wenno "bassit" unay, uray ania ti pannakaipalawagna. Nupay kasta, ti ekonomia ket saan a kankanayon a banag a panangipalawag. Babaen iti kasisigud a kapanunotan iti termino, ti agpakatengnga a bileg ket ti maysa idi nga addaan iti bassit a grado ti impluensia iti sangalubongan, ngem saan a mangituray iti ania man a maysa a lugar. Nupay kasta, daytoy a panagusar ket saan nga unibersal, ken adda met dagiti dadduma a mangipalawag ti agpakatengnga a bileg a manginayon kadagiti pagilian a maikeddeng a kas dagiti rehional a bileg.
Segun kadagiti kademia iti Unibersidad ti Leicester ken Unibersidad ti Nottingham;
Ti kasasaad ti agpakatengnga a bileg ket kadawyan a nailasin iti maysa wenno kadagiti dua a waya. Ti tradisional ken kaaduan a waya ket ti panangitipon ti kriteria ti kritikal a pannakabagi ken material tapno mairanggo dagiti estado segun kadagiti relatibo a kapabilidadda. Gapu ta agdumaduma dagitikapabilidad dagiti pagilian, maikategoriada a kas dagiti kabilegan (wenno dagitinalatak a bileg), dagiti agpakatengnga a bileg wenno dagiti bassit a bileg. Iti kaudian, daytoy ket mabalin a maisalumina ti maikadua a pamay-an para iti pannagilasin ti kasasaad ti agpakatengnga a bileg babaen ti panangipatengnga ti isip kadagiti gupit ti panagkukua. Daytoy ket mangipuesto a dagiti agpakatengnga a bileg ket mabalinda a maisalunima kadagiti nalatak a bileg ken dagiti bassit a bileg gapu iti panagkukuada iti gangganaet nga anuroten – dagiti agpakatengnga a bileg ket makalada iti bukodda a lugar para iti kabukbukodanda babaen ti panagsurot iti akikid a sakup ken kadagiti naisangayan a kita ti panagkayat ti gangganaet nga annuroten. Iti daytoy a waya, dagiti agpakatengnga a bileg ket dagiti pagilian a ti relatibo a kalaingda iti diplomasia iti serbisio ti sangalubongan a kappia ken talinaay. Isuda a dua a pangrukod ket maisuppiatan ekn kontrobersia, ngem ti tradisional a pmay-an ti kaadu ket naipakitan a problematiko ngem ti pamay-an ti panagkukua.
Segun kenni Eduard Jordaan ti Singapore Management University;
Amin dagiti agpakatengnga a bileg ket mangipakita panagkukua iti gangganaet nga annuroten a mangtalinaay ken mangilihetimado ti uglobal nga urnos, kadawyan babaen ti multilateral ken dagiti inisiatibo ti panagtitinnulong. Nupay kasta, dagiti rumrummuar ken dagiti tradisional nga agpakatengnga a bileg ket mabalinda a maisalunima kadagiti termino iti bukodda a panangimpluensia iti tunggal maysa ken dagiti panaggigiddiatda iti panagkukua. Iti panangaramid dayta, dagiti tradisional nga agpakatengnga a bileg ken nabaknangda, natalinaay, egalitariano, sosial a demokratiko ken saan a rehional nga impluensial. Iti panagkukua,mangipakitada ti nakapsot ken agdumaduma a rikna iti rehional nga orientasion, agar-aramid kadagiti identidad a naisangayan manipud kadagiti nabileg nga estado kadagiti bukodda a rehion ken mangidaton kadagiti magustuan a konsesion kadagiti presion para iti reporma ti sangalubongan. No maigiddiat dagiti rumrummuar nga agpakatengnga a bileg, isuda ket semi-periperal, di-egalitariano iti material ken dagiti kaudian a demokratisado nga estado a mangipakita ti adu a rehional nga impluensia ken bukod a pannakigimong. Iti panagkukua, kaykayatda iti repormista ken saan a radikal a panagbaliw iti lubong, mangipakita ti napigsa a rehional nga orientasion ken agkaykayat iti rehional nga integrasion ngem agbirbiruk pay nga agramid kadagiti naisangayan nga identidad manipud kadagiti nakapsot nga estado iti bukodda a rehion.[2]
Listaan dagiti agpakatengnga a bileg
urnosenKas met dagiti nalatak a bileg, awan dagiti agkaykaysa a pakaitunosan kadagiti turay no ania dagiti pagilian a maikeddenga a kas dagiti agpakatengnga a bileg. Dagiti listaan ket masansan a suheto ti adu a debato ken matarawidwidan a mangiyasping kadagiti dakkel a pagilian (kas ti Brasil) kadagiti relatibo a bassit a pagilian (kas ti Norwega).[3] Nalawag met a saan amin dagiti agpakatengnga a bileg ket agpapadada iti kasasaad; adda met dagiti maikeddeng a rehional a bileg ken dagiti miembro ti G20 (ka ti Australia), bayat a dagiti dadduma ket nalakda amaikeddeng a kas dagiti bassit a bileg (kas ti Republika a Tseka). Adda met dagiti dakdakkel nga agpakatengnga a bileg ket agpaelda pay kadagiti importante a papel iti Nagkaykaysa a Pagpagilian ken dagiti dadduma pay a sangalubongan a gunglo a kas ti WTO.
Ti sumaganad a listaan dagiti pagilian, no man iti napalabas wenno iti agdamaw, ket naikeddengda a dagiti agpakatengnga a bileg babaen dagiti akademia wenno dagiti sabali nga eksperto:
Arhelia[4][5][6]
Arhentina[4][5][6]
Australia[2][7][8][9][10]
Austria[3]
Banglades[11]
Belhika[3][12][13]
Brasil[6][14][15][16]
Kanada[8][17][18][19]
Chile[12][14]
Colombia[11][20]
Republika a Tseka[3]
Dinamarka[3][17][21]
Ehipto[4][22][23][24]
Pinlandia[3]
Gresia[25]
Hungaria[3][26]
Indonesia[3][27]
Iran[28][29][30][31]
Israel[9][32][33]
Kuwait[34]
Malaysia[23][27][35][36]
Mehiko[6][22][37][38][39]
Morocco[40]
Olanda[3][17][21]
Baro a Selanda
Nigeria[3][22][35]
Norwega[3][17][21]
Oman[41]
Pakistan[3][11][42]
Peru[43]
Filipinas[11][44]
Polonia[3][38][45][46]
Portugal[47]
Katar[48][49]
Romania[3]
Saudi Arabia[9]
Singapur[11][44]
Abagatan nga Aprika[15][50][51][52][53][54]
Abagatan a Korea[7][55][56][57][58]
Espania[3][47]
Suesia[3][9][21][59]
Suisa[3]
Taiwan[44]
Tailandia[11][44]
Turkia[11][22][60]
Ukrania[45]
Dagiti Nagkaykaysa nga Emirato nga Arabo[61][62]
Venezuela[3][11]
Bietnam[11][44]
Dagiti nagibasaran
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Adu pay a mabasbasa
urnosen- Weak States in the International System (By Michael I. Handel)
- Relocating Middle Powers: Australia and Canada in a Changing World Order Naiyarkibo 2005-12-24 iti Wayback Machine (Book info)
- Middle Power Internationalism (Book info)
- Emerging Powers: Governance in a Changing Global Order (A Queen’s Centre for International Relations annual report)