Insik a Mandarin
Ti Mandarin (napalaka nga Insik: 官话; tradisional nga Insik: 官話; pinyin: Guānhuà; lit. 'bitla dagiti opisial') ket ti maysa a grupo dagiti agkakabagian a karuay ti Insik a naisasao iti kaaduan a ballasiw ti akin-amianan ken abagatan akinlaud a Tsina. Mangiraman ti grupo iti dialekto a Beijing, ti batayan ti Pagalagadan a Mandarin wenno Pagalagadan nga Insik. Gapu ta nagtaud ti Mandarin idiay Amianan a Tsina ken kaaduan dagiti dialekto ti Mandarin ket mabirukan iti amianan, ti grupo ket sagpaminsan a naibagbaga a kas dagiti Akin-amianan a dialekto (北方话; běifānghuà). Adu dagiti lokal a karuay ti Mandarin ket saanda nga agsinnaranay a maawatan. Nupay kasta, masansan nga umuna a maikabkabil ti Mandarin kadagiti listaan ti pagsasao babaen ti bilang dagiti patneng nga agsasao (agraman iti gangani a sangabilion).
Mandarin | |
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官话; 官話; Guānhuà | |
Rehion | Kaaduan iti akin-amianan ken abagatan akinlaud a Tsina (kitaen pay ti Pagalagadan nga Insik) |
Patubo a mangisasao | 910 a riwriw (2015)[1] 200 a riwriw anga L2 (awan petsa) |
Sino-Tibetano
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Dagiti nasapa porma | |
Dagiti alagaden a porma |
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Dagiti dialekto |
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Wenfa Shouyu[2] | |
Kodkodigo ti pagsasao | |
ISO 639-3 | cmn |
Glottolog | mand1415 |
Linguaesperio | 79-AAA-b |
Ti lugar ti Mandarin iti nangruna a daga ti Tsina ken Taiwan, a maipakita ti Jin (sagpaminsan a matrato a kas naisina a grupo) iti napusasaw a berde | |
Insik a Mandarin | |||||||||
Napalaka nga Insik | 官话 | ||||||||
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Tradisional nga Insik | 官話 | ||||||||
Literal a kaibuksilan | bitla dagiti opisial | ||||||||
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Akin-amianan nga Insik | |||||||||
Napalaka nga Insik | 北方话 | ||||||||
Tradisional nga Insik | 北方話 | ||||||||
Literal a kaibuksilan | Akin-amianan a bitla | ||||||||
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Ti Mandarin ket ti kadakkelan kadagiti pito wenno sangapulo a grupo ti dialekto ti Insik, nga insasao babaen dagiti 70 a porsiento kadagiti amin nga agsasao iti Insik iti dakkel a heograpikal a lugar, a gumay-at manipud iti Yunnan iti abagatan a laud aginggana iti Xinjiang iti amianan a laud ken ti Heilongjiang iti amianan a daya. Sapasap a maigupit daytoy iti kalaka ti panagbanniaga ken komunikasion iti Tanap ti Amianan a Tsinan no maiyasping iti nakarkaro a kabambantayan nga abagatan, ken no maitipon iti relatibo a kaudian a pannakaiwarwaras ti Mandarin kadagiti lugar ti prontera.
Kaaduan dagiti karuay ti Mandarin ket addaan kadagiti uppat nga aweng. Dagiti kanungpalan a panagsardeng ti Tengnga nga Insik ket napukawen iti kaaduan kadagitoy a karuay, ngem adda met dagiti dadduma a timmipon kaniada a kas kanungpalan a glotal a panagsardeng. Adu kadagiti karuay ti Mandarin, a mairaman ti dialekto a Beijing, ket mangitalinaay kadagiti retroflex a mangiyuna a konsonante, a napukawen kadagiti akin-abagatan a grupo ti dialekto.
Ti kapitolio ket addan iti kaunegan ti lugar ti Mandarin para iti kaaduan a panawen ti naudi a milenio, a mangaramid nga impluensial dagitoy a dialekto. Ti sumagmamano a porma ti Mandarin ket nagserbi a kas maysa a nailian a lingua franca manipud idi maika-4 a siglo. Iti nasapa a maika-20 a siglo, ti maysa a pagalagadan a porma a naibatay iti dialekto a Beijing, nga agraman kadagiti elemento manipud kadagiti sabali a dialekto ti Mandarin , ket naampon idi a kas maysa a nailian a pagsasao. Ti Pagalagadan nga Insik ket ti opisial a pagsasao iti Republika ti Tattao ti Tsina[3] ken Taiwan[4] ken maysa kadagiti uppat nga opisial a pagsasao ti Singapur. Daytoy ket naus-usar a kas maysa kadagiti pagobraan a pagsasao iti Nagkaykaysa a Pagpagilian.[5] Daytoy ket maysa pay kadagiti kaaduan a kankanayon a naus-usar a karuay ti Insik kadagiti sangalubongan a komunidad ti diaspora ti Insik.
Dagiti nagibasaran
urnosen- ^ Mandarin iti Ethnologue (Maika-21 nga ed., 2018)
- ^ 台灣手語簡介 (Taiwan) (2009)
- ^ "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37)". Chinese Government. 31 Oktubre 2000. Naiyarkibo manipud iti kasisigud idi 2013-07-24. Naala idi 28 Marso 2017.
For purposes of this Law, the standard spoken and written Chinese language means Putonghua (a common speech with pronunciation based on the Beijing dialect) and the standardized Chinese characters.
- ^ "ROC Vital Information". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). 31 Disiembre 2014. Naala idi 28 Marso 2017.
- ^ 《人民日报》评论员文章:说普通话 用规范字. www.gov.cn (iti Insik). Naiyarkibo manipud iti kasisigud idi 2018-02-20. Naala idi 2017-07-26.
- Dagiti nadakamat nga obra
- Blum, Susan Debra (2001), Portraits of "primitives": Ordering human kinds in the Chinese nation, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 978-0-7425-0092-1.
- Chen, Ping (1999), Modern Chinese: History and sociolinguistics, New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-64572-0.
- Coblin, W. South (2000), "A brief history of Mandarin", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 120 (4): 537–552, doi:10.2307/606615, JSTOR 606615.
- ——— (2003), "Robert Morrison and the Phonology of Mid-Qīng Mandarin", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, 13 (3): 339–355, doi:10.1017/S1356186303003134.
- Escure, Geneviève (1997), Creole and dialect continua: standard acquisition processes in Belize and China (PRC), John Benjamins, ISBN 978-90-272-5240-1.
- Kaske, Elisabeth (2008), The politics of language in Chinese education, 1895–1919, BRILL, ISBN 978-90-04-16367-6.
- Kurpaska, Maria (2010), Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects", Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-021914-2.
- Mair, Victor H. (1990), "Who were the Gyámi?" (PDF), Sino-Platonic Papers, 18 (b): 1–8.
- ——— (1991), "What Is a Chinese "Dialect/Topolect"? Reflections on Some Key Sino-English Linguistic terms" (PDF), Sino-Platonic Papers, 29: 1–31.
- Norman, Jerry (1988), Chinese, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-29653-3.
- Ramsey, S. Robert (1987), The Languages of China, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-01468-5.
- Razfar, Aria; Rumenapp, Joseph C. (2013), Applying Linguistics in the Classroom: A Sociocultural Approach, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-136-21205-5.
- Richards, John F. (2003), The unending frontier: an environmental history of the early modern world, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-23075-0.
- Rimsky-Korsakoff Dyer, Svetlana (1977–78), "Soviet Dungan nationalism: a few comments on their origin and language", Monumenta Serica, 33: 349–362, JSTOR 40726247.
- Szeto, Pui Yiu; Ansaldo, Umberto; Matthews, Stephen (2018), "Typological variation across Mandarin dialects: An areal perspective with a quantitative approach", Linguistic Typology, 22 (2): 233–275, doi:10.1515/lingty-2018-0009.
- Ting, Pang-Hsin (1991), "Some theoretical issues in the study of Mandarin dialects", iti Wang, William S-Y. (ed.), Language and Dialects of China, Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series, vol. 3, pp. 185–234, JSTOR 23827039.
- Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Li, Rong; Baumann, Theo; Lee, Mei W. (1987), Language Atlas of China, Longman, ISBN 978-962-359-085-3.
- Yan, Margaret Mian (2006), Introduction to Chinese Dialectology, LINCOM Europa, ISBN 978-3-89586-629-6.
- Yue, Anne O. (2003), "Chinese dialects: grammar", iti Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (dagiti ed.), The Sino-Tibetan languages, Routledge, pp. 84–125, ISBN 978-0-7007-1129-1.
- Zhang, Bennan; Yang, Robin R. (2004), "Putonghua education and language policy in postcolonial Hong Kong", iti Zhou, Minglang (ed.), Language policy in the People's Republic of China: theory and practice since 1949, Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 143–161, ISBN 978-1-4020-8038-8.
Adu pay a mabasbasa
urnosen- Baxter, William H. (2006), "Mandarin dialect phylogeny", Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale, 35 (1): 71–114, doi:10.3406/clao.2006.1748.
- Dwyer, Arienne M. (1995), "From the Northwest China Sprachbund: Xúnhuà Chinese dialect data", Yuen Ren Society Treasury of Chinese Dialect Data, 1: 143–182, hdl:1808/7090.
- Novotná, Zdenka (1967), "Contributions to the Study of Loan-Words and Hybrid Words in Modern Chinese", Archiv Orientální, 35: 613–649.
- Shen Zhongwei (沈钟伟) (2011), "The origin of Mandarin", Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 39 (2): 1–31, JSTOR 23754434.
- Chen Zhangtai (陈章太); Li Xingjian (李行健) (1996). 普通话基础方言基本词汇集 [Mandarin basic dialects basic words collection] (iti Insik). 语文出版社 [Languages Press]. pp. 1–5.
Dagiti naipakasaritaan nga Akinlaud a teksto
urnosen- Balfour, Frederic Henry (1883), Idiomatic Dialogues in the Peking Colloquial for the Use of Student, Shanghai: Offices of the North-China Herald.
- Grainger, Adam (1900), Western Mandarin: or the spoken language of western China, with syllabic and English indexes, Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press.
- MacGillivray, Donald (1905), A Mandarin-Romanized dictionary of Chinese, Shanghai: Presbyterian Mission Press.
- Mateer, Calvin Wilson (1906), A course of Mandarin lessons, based on idiom (revised 2nd nga ed.), Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press.
- Meigs, F.E. (1904), The Standard System of Mandarin Romanization: Introduction, Sound Table an Syllabary, Shanghai: Educational Association of China.
- Meigs, F.E. (1905), The Standard System of Mandarin Romanization: Radical Index, Shanghai: Educational Association of China.
- Stent, George Carter; Hemeling, Karl (1905), A Dictionary from English to Colloquial Mandarin Chinese, Shanghai: Statistical Department of the Inspectorate General of Customs.
- Whymant, A. Neville J. (1922), Colloquial Chinese (northern) (2nd nga ed.), London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Company.
Dagiti akinruar a silpo
urnosen Dagiti midia a mainaig iti Insik a Mandarin iti Wikimedia Commons
- Tones in Mandarin Dialects : Comprehensive tone comparison charts for 523 Mandarin dialects. (Compiled by James Campbell) – Internet Archive mirror