Gubat ti Filipino–Amerikano
Ti Gubat ti Filipinoe–Amerikano (Espaniol: Guerra Filipino-Estadounidense, Filipino: Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano) (1899–1902)[11] ket maysa idi a suppiat a nagbaetan ti Umuna a Republika ti Filipinas (Espaniol: República Filipina) ken ti Estados Unidos.
| Gubat ti Filipino–Amerikano | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
      Agpakanawan manipud itingato: Dagiti tropa ti Estados Unidos iti Manila, ni Gregorio del Pilar ken dagiti tropana idi agarup a 1898, Dagiti Amerikano nga agguarguardia iti rangtay ti Karayan Pasig idi 1898, Gubat ti Santa Cruz, Dagiti soldado ti Filipinas iti Malolos, Gubat ti Quingua. | |||||||||
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| Dagiti makigubgubat | |||||||||
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Limitado a Ganganaet a Suporta: | |||||||||
| Dagiti agbilbilin ken daulo | |||||||||
 William McKinley Theodore Roosevelt Elwell Stephen Otis Arthur MacArthur, Jr. Wesley Merritt Loyd Wheaton Thomas M. Anderson Joseph Wheeler John J. Pershing Jacob H. Smith Henry Lawton Frederick N. Funston Leonard Wood |
 Emilio Aguinaldo Antonio Luna Artemio Ricarte José Alejandrino Apolinario Mabini Hilaria del Rosario Miguel Malvar Gregorio Del Pilar Manuel Tinio Pio del Pilar Juan Cailles Macario Sakay   Dionisio Seguela Teresa Magbanua Vicente Alvarez Jamal ul-Kiram I Datu Ali Hara Tei[1] | ||||||||
| Kapigsa | |||||||||
| ≈24,000 to ≈44,000 kapigsa ti pagbabakalan[5] |
agarup a 80,000–100,000 ≈Kadawyan & Di-kadawyan | ||||||||
| Dagiti nadangran ken natnatay | |||||||||
| 4,234[6]–6,165 killed,[7] 2,818 a nasugatan[6] | 12,000[3]–20,000[8] napatay | ||||||||
| Dagiti paisano a Filipino: 200,000–250,000 a natay, kaaduan manipud iti sakit[8][9][10][ii] | |||||||||
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Nangrugi ti suppiat idi saan a kinayat ti Umuna a Republika ti Filipinas dagiti termino ti Tulag ti Paris babaen ti panangala ti Estados Unidos iti Filipinas manipud ti Espania a nangpasardeng ti Gubat ti Espaniol–Amerikano.[12][13] Ti gubat ket ti panagtuloy ti salisal para iti wayawaya ti Filipinas a nangrugi di 1896 iti Yaalsa ti Filipinas.
Nangrugi ti panaglaban dagiti puersa ti Estados Unidos ken ti Republika Filipina idi Pebrero 4, 1899, ken napardas a kimmaro iti Maikadua a Gubat ti Manila idi 1899 . Idi Hunio 2, 1899, opisial nga inrangarang ti Umuna a Republika ti Filipinas ti gubat a panagsuppiat iti Estados Unidos.[14] Ti gubat ket opisial a nagpatingga idi Hulio 2, 1902,[15] a nagballigi met ti Estados Unidos. Nupay kasta, adda met dagiti dadduma a grupo ti Filipinas nga indauluan dagiti beterano iti Katipunan a nagtultuloy a nakilaban kadagiti puersa ti Amerikano. Kadagitoy idi a daulo ket ni Heneral Macario Sacay, ti beterano a miembro ti Katipunan a nangituloy ti presidensia iti nairangarang a "Republika ti Tagalog", a naporma idi 1902 kalpasan ti pannakatiliw ni Presidente Emilio Aguinaldo. Dagiti dadduma agrupo, mairaman dagiti tattao a Moro ken dagiti tattao a Pulahanes, ket nagtultuloyda kadagiti panagsuppiat kadagiti adayo a lugar ken dagiti isla aginggana iti kanungpalan a pannakaabakda kalapsan ti maysa a dekada iti Gubat ti Bud Bagsak idi Hunio 15, 1913.[2]
Dagiti nota urnosen
- ^ a b "Diplomatic relations between the Philippines and Japan". Republic of the Philippines – Presidential Museum & Library. Naala idi 1 Hunio 2015.
On Pebrero 4, 1899, the Philippine-American War broke out. A handful of Japanese shishi, or ultranationalists, fought alongside President Aguinaldo’s army. They landed in Manila, led by Captain Hara Tei and joined Aguinaldo’s forces in Bataan.
[permanente a natay a silpo] - ^ a b Constantino 1975
- ^ a b "Historian Paul Kramer revisits the Philippine–American War", The JHU Gazette, Johns Hopkins University, 35 (29), Abril 10, 2006, naala idi Marso 18, 2008
- ^ Deady 2005, p. 62
- ^ Ramsey 2007, p. 115
- ^ a b Stanley Karnow (24 Nobiembre 2010). In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines. Random House Publishing Group. p. 375. ISBN 978-0-307-77543-6.
The U.S. toll was 4,234 dead and 2,818 wounded-and thousands later succumbed at home to diseases contracted in the islands.
- ^ Hack & Rettig 2006, p. 172
- ^ a b Guillermo, Emil (Pebrero 8, 2004), "A first taste of empire", Milwaukee Journal Sentinel: 03J, naiyarkibo manipud iti kasisigud idi 2012-12-08, naala idi 2016-08-03
- ^ Smallman-Raynor 1998
- ^ Burdeos 2008, p. 14
- ^ Wolters, W.G. (2004), "Philippine War of Independence", iti Keat Gin Ooi (ed.), Southeast Asia: A historical encyclopedia from Angkor Wat to East Timor, vol. II, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, ISBN 1-57607-770-5
- ^ Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain; December 10, 1898, Yale University
- ^ Carman Fitz Randolph (2009), "Chapter I, The Annexation of the Philippines", The Law and Policy of Annexation, BiblioBazaar, LLC, ISBN 978-1-103-32481-1
- ^ Kalaw 1927, pp. 199–200
- ^ Worcester 1914, p. 188
Adu pay a mabasbasa urnosen
- Delmendo, Sharon (2004), The Star-Entangled Banner: One Hundred Years of America in the Philippines, Rutgers University Press, ISBN 0-8135-3411-9
- Jacobson, Matthew Frye. (2000). Barbarian Virtues: The United States Encounters Foreign Peoples at Home and Abroad, 1876–1917. Hill and Wang, ISBN 978-0-8090-1628-0
- Legarda, Benito J. Jr. (2001). The Hills of Sampaloc: the Opening Actions of the Philippine–American War, Pebrero 4–5, 1899. Makati: Bookmark. ISBN 978-971-569-418-6.
- Silbey, David J. A War of Frontier and Empire: The Philippine–American War, 1899–1902 (2008)
- Stewart, Richard W. General Editor, Ch. 16, Transition, Change, and the Road to war, 1902–1917" Naiyarkibo 2012-01-12 iti Wayback Machine, in "American Military History, Volume I: The United States Army and the Forging of a Nation, 1775–1917" Naiyarkibo 2011-12-27 iti Wayback Machine, Center of Military History, United States Army, ISBN 0-16-072362-0.
- Wilcox, Marrion. Harper's History of the War. Harper, New York and London 1900, reprinted 1979. [Alternate title: Harper's History of the War in the Philippines]. Also reprinted in the Philippines by Vera-Reyes.
Dagiti silpo ti ruar urnosen
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